Criminology Rational Choice Theory - 1683 Words

Name Instructor Course Date Essay Questions Question 1 At the core of criminology, there is a belief that a criminal decides to commit a crime after weighing the benefits and disadvantages of engaging. In such a case, the decision to commit the crime is a rational one, and the best way to counter it is through a deterrence-based system. The rational choice theory assumes that humans are self-centered and the actions they undertake determine the consequences they incur. The position of rationality concept assumes that criminal behaviors are not different from the non-criminal ones, in that they determine the intentional conducts individuals undertake, that is, they are not forced to conduct a crime. Criminals choose to engage in certain†¦show more content†¦Such a case represents general deterrence, where the person has not yet been previously punished but does not want to commit the crime since he or she does not want to be caught and prosecuted. The threat of established legal sanctions are the inhibitors to a person who wants to commit a crime for the first time. The other form is specific deterrence, where an individual decides to refrain from conducting a crime due to fear of being prosecuted again, after a previous sanction on the individual. The fear of conducting a crime, in this case, arises from threats of previous punishment and fear of being punished again. For example, an inmate who was recently released from prison may fear to conduct another crime since he or she does not want to be rearrested and prosecuted again. The person is already aware of the punishments and sanctions that a criminal undergoes if arrested, and thus decides to refrain from engaging in criminal activities. It is one of the measures that reduce the number of criminals, especially those inmates previous arrested and released. Question 2 The growth of metropolitan cities led to rural-urban migration amongst most societies, with most individuals moving to urban centers to acquire employment opportunities inShow MoreRelatedThe Rational Choice Theory Of Criminology1106 Words   |  5 Pages The Rational Choice Theory April Smolkowicz Criminology 3200 Georgia Gwinnett College  The Classical School of Criminology was developed by two utilitarian philosophers, Cesare Beccaria and Jeremy Bentham during the early 17th century. The Classical School of Criminology is an important theory in the framework of criminal behavior, with principle themes that include: criminal acts are of individuals free will and rational deliberation, calculating, and hedonistic beings. CriminalsRead MoreRational Choice Theory Criminology1151 Words   |  5 PagesIn Criminology, Prof. Boldt has either talked about or brought up a few dozen theories in just a few weeks. However one theory seems to show up more than the others, and is the more dominant explanation in describing criminal behavior. This concept is referred to as Rational Choice Theory. Over time theories have been produced to explain and help understand what leads to criminal behavior. The reason why people have studied these theories so closely is because of the helpful nature it provides toRead MoreRational Choice Theo ry: Criminology901 Words   |  4 PagesChoice theory was born out of the perspective of crime causation which states that criminality is the result of conscious choice. This theory is also known as the rational choice theory. According to this theory, the choice whether or not to commit a criminal act is the result of a rational thought process that weighs the risks of paying the costs of committing a crime, against the benefits obtained. In other words, if the benefits--monetary or otherwise--outweigh the risks of sustaining the costsRead MoreRational Choice Theory Criminology1329 Words   |  6 PagesThe Classical School of Criminology, established by Cesare Beccaria, promotes the use of reason as the basis of legal authority and is based on the assumption that individuals weigh the consequences of their acts before committing a crime. It was based was based on assumptions that Individuals can â€Å"choose legal or illegal means to get what they want, fear of punishment can deter them from committing crime, and society can control behavior by making the pain of punishment greater than the pleasureRead MoreRational Choice Theory: Merits and Limitations1195 Words   |  5 Pagesinsight into Rational Choice Theory. This theory, highly relied upon by many disciplines, is also used to calculate and determine crime and criminal behavior. Through definition, example and techniques utilized by criminologists, the reader will have a better understanding of the subject. By definition, criminology is the study of crime, criminal behavior and how it pertains to the law. Criminology is considered a scientific technique. Therefore, those who study and carry out its theories are consideredRead MoreRational Decision Making And Its Effect On Crime Causation Essay1497 Words   |  6 Pages Rational Decision Making and its Effect on Crime Causation Most, if not all Americans, are familiar with the story of Batman and his alter ego Bruce Wayne. As a small child Bruce s parents were brutally gunned down in front of him prompting him to don the cape and mask to rid Gotham city of injustice. In the 2005 movie adaptation starring Christian Bale, Batman is asked why he so selflessly protects the city. He replies, â€Å"It s not who I am underneath, but what I do that defines me.† I believeRead MoreThe Theories Of Criminology And The Riots930 Words   |  4 PagesEvery crime has a correlation with a theory in criminology. These theories explain why crime happens and some even go to the extent to come up with a solution to prevent or stop crime. This paper will explore how certain theories of criminology connect with the riots that happened in Ferguson, Missouri. Facts from different articles will be used to back up the theory. The theories will explain why rioters committed the crimes did. The paper will take the actions of t he protestors and explain whyRead MoreRational Choice Theory Of Criminal Behavior Essay1617 Words   |  7 Pagescase the choices that criminals make brings them pleasure and adrenaline. Criminal choices can be controlled by fear of punishment, but not all the time. The crime will be limited when the benefits are reduced and the costs increase. Rational choice theory is a perspective that holds criminality in the result of conscious choice. Not to mention, that it is predicted that individuals choose to commit crime when the benefits outweigh the costs of disobeying the law. In the rational choice theory, individualsRead MoreThe Rational Choice Theory1728 Words   |  7 PagesLa’Shante Samuels Kaplan University, CJ102 Criminology Unit Five Midterm Project The Rational Choice theory approach has been used by social and political scientists to put some type of meaning of why humans behave in a certain way. In recent years, rational choice theory has been widely used in other disciplines such as sociology, political science, and anthropology. It has gained influence in politics and sociology over the past thirty years. This choice theory stressed the role of knowledgeable selfRead MoreGeneral Theory Of Crime And Delinquency919 Words   |  4 PagesGeneral Theory of Crime and Delinquency Many theories exist including biological, psychological, and sociological theories that have been proposed by many criminologists in the criminal justice field and have been closely studied by people (Agnew, Cullen, Wilcox, 2004). Most theories are proposed at the micro level meaning it tries to explain the criminal behavior of individuals and some are proposed at the macro level which tries to explain the crime rates in social groups, meaning micro focuses

A New Revolution in A Tale of Two Cities by Charles Dickens

â€Å"When the people fear the government, there is tyranny. When the government fears the people, there is liberty.† - Thomas Jefferson A quote from the book A Tale of Two Cities is â€Å"The Republic One and Indivisible of Liberty, Equality, Fraternity, or Death†. This quote was used by the revolutionaries during the time of the French revolution; however, this quote is ironic because it stands against what the revolutionaries wanted to change. It stands against the freedoms of Ideas, Liberty, and Equality, and instead stand for a one party republic. There is much to learn from this quote. From the truth about Liberty to the idea of Equality, the revolutionaries of that time had found an idea that would tear a county to pieces and in the process leave a mark for all to see in history. Although a definition of a republic is a country that is governed by elected representatives, it does not accurately describe the republic mentioned in A Tale of Two Cities. The uprising of the people against their government was more of a revolution than a changing of officials. When the people rebelled against the cruel ty from their leaders, they not only removed them from office but also killed them. This is because they did not want the old ideas of the past leaders to get in the way of their new â€Å"freedom†. Suddenly those who had been oppressed were now taking a stand for their freedoms, overthrowing those who had been in power too long and trimming their country of the excess politics.Show MoreRelatedA Tale Of Two Cities And The French Revolution1006 Words   |  5 PagesA Tale of Two Cities was a story about sacrifice and revenge before and during revolutionary France. Charles Dickens thought that if things did not change, then a violent revolution in England, similar to the French Revolution, was possible or in the future. In â€Å"A Tale of Two Cities†, Charles Dickens symbolizes the discord that the English and the French faced as he tears apart the two systems of their society. Charles Dickens, a brilliant author back in the 1850’s, wrote â€Å"A Tale of Two Cities†Read More A Tale of Four Novels1596 Words   |  7 Pages Charles Dickens once stated, My faith in the people governing is, on the whole, infinitesimal; my faith in the people is, on the whole, illimitable.(Fido 102), this is certainly reflected in A tale of two cities, which is a historical novel written by Dickens that outlines the events of the French Revolution through the story of a French aristocrat named Charles Darnay. Darnay is a Parisian aristocrat that renounces his aristocracy in order to pursue a new life in London where he falls in loveRead MoreTale Of Two Cities Analysis704 Words   |  3 PagesCharles Dickens, a brilliant author back in the 1850’s, wrote â€Å"A Tale of Two Cities† in order to describe the similarities between the forces that led to the revolution and the oppression and unrest occurring in England. The French revolution impacts hi story because the time period in which it takes place is before and during the French revolution. The French revolution signifies the essence of a rapid change, nevertheless, this change tore France right at the heart, where all the government wasRead MoreCharles Dickens - Pro or Anti French Revolution Essay779 Words   |  4 PagesCharles Dickens - Pro or Anti French Revolution? The tale of two cities written by Charles Dickens is at the time period of the French revolution. But it is not understood if Charles likes the French revolution or if he’s against it? Charles Dickens sees the poverty in all the peasants, he sees that peasants are becoming solemn and deadly the people are. Charles sees that the rich treat the poor like garbage. The French revolution made France more disorganized then before. Charles agreesRead MoreInterpreting the French Revolution Tale of Two Cities by Charles Dickens825 Words   |  3 Pagesnovel A Tale of Two Cities, the author Charles Dickens explains to us, the readers, how he interpreted the French Revolution including his thoughts and concerns for the time period. This period is referring to the 18th century when the uprisings began. In this violence, groups of people were brought together to stir up havoc among the cities. Charles uses the common parallels of the two cities to bring them together as one. By usi ng his paradoxes just as he started the story, he brings two placesRead MoreCharles Dickens A Great Writer1105 Words   |  5 PagesOctober 2015 Remembering Charles Dickens Charles Dickens is a famous author who wrote numerous books which were enjoyed by many throughout the years. His books are known xquisite characters and real-life settings. Charles experienced difficult times as a young boy (â€Å"Charles Dickens† par. 7). These difficult times followed him throughout his life. He uses ideas from these struggles to express his feelings through the books he writes. The many struggles of Charles Dickens’ early childhood greatlyRead MoreA Tale of Two Cities: The Victorian Era and the Abandonment of Spirituality865 Words   |  4 PagesWohlgemuth A Tale of Two Cities: The Victorian Era and the Abandonment of Spirituality Throughout the early to mid 19th Century, a new and cultural age took hold of Europe, specifically Great Britain with the commencing of the Victorian Era. Marked by impressive achievements such as the Industrial Revolution, La Belle Epoque, and the beginnings of an urban middle class, this era was also plagued with child labor, poor hygiene, prostitution, the constant class distinctions, and a bloody revolution. ManyRead MoreA Tale of Two Cities by Charles Dickens Essay1393 Words   |  6 Pagescritical acclaim, A Tale of Two Cities occupies a central place in the cannon of Charles Dickens’ work. A Tale of Two Cities, published in serial form starting on April 30, 1859, is a historical fiction novel. A dominant theme in this historical novel is the duality found in many of Dickens’ characters. Dickens’ A Tale of Two Cities is somewhat autobiographical; emphasizes the key elements of theme, plot, and character; and has received extensive criticism. A Tale of Two Cities is told in three partsRead MoreA Tale of Two Cities by Charles Dickens Is a Well Known Cautionary Tale530 Words   |  3 Pages â€Å"A Tale of Two Cities† written by Charles Dickens is well known as a cautionary tale, that portends us to take heed to oppression leading to anarchy, or how a struggle for justice can turn into an insatiable thirst for revenge, and even the most innocent of things can be turned wicked. The peasants of France spent most of their lives impoverished and tormented by the aristocrats of their time. As a result of this nefarious behavior, thus the French Revolution came into play. On the other handRead MoreA Tale of Two Cities800 Words   |  4 Pages Charles Dickens characterizes the settings in his novel, â€Å"A Tale of Two Cities,† through indirect comparison and contrast between Paris and London during the French Revolution, a political and social upheaval from 1789–1799; â€Å"There was a king with a large jaw and a queen with a plain face on the throne of England; there was a king with a large jaw and a queen with a fair face on the throne of France. In both countries it was clearer than crystal to the lords of the State preserves of loaves and

Class President Speech free essay sample

The pancreas is a large gland, situated in the peritoneal cavity, in the curve of the duodenum. It is the pancreas that is responsible for aiding the body’s endocrine system. (Darlington College 2011). The pancreas releases two endocrine hormones and it is these hormones that ensure the blood glucose levels within the body are constantly controlled. These hormones are glucagon and insulin and they are secreted from tiny clusters of cells within the pancreas, know as the islets of Langerhans. Glucagon is a hyper- glycaemic hormone, secreted by the islets alpha cells. Its main function is to increase the level of glucose in the blood. This is a vital process when blood sugar levels become low. Glucagon stimulates the liver to break down its excess glycogen into glucose. The glucose then passes into the blood stream and the homeostasis of blood glucose level is restored. Insulin is a hypo- glycaemic hormone that is secreted by the islets beta cells, in response to high blood glucose levels. Insulin decreases the level of glucose in the blood by stimulating its uptake by the skeletal muscles, liver and adipose cells. The skeletal muscles uptake glucose, to give energy for movement and the glucose that travels to the liver is converted into glycogen, and stored here until it is needed. The adipose cells use glucose for cell metabolism. Once sufficient glucose has been removed from the blood, the beta cells slow the secretion of insulin, so that homeostasis is again restored. (Glenn, 2005, pg84). Both insulin and glucagon are vital to ensure that the body constantly has enough fuel to supply its cells with the energy needed to enable them to function normally. Question 2 Peter’s normal blood glucose concentration will be approximately 4. mmol. After he eats his balanced meal his blood sugar levels will rise to around 8. 0mmol. This is because Peter’s meal will contain carbohydrates. In response to this rise in blood sugar levels insulin is secreted by Peter’s pancreas’s beta cells. The release of insulin facilitates the entry of glucose into his body cells and this vital process maintains the energy levels within the cell. When glucose is absorbed in the cells, the blood sugar levels fall again. This occurs because the excess sugar, present in the carbohydrates in Peter’s meal, that caused his blood sugar levels to rise, has been used up. This is what allows the blood glucose concentration to return to normal. (Glenn, 2005, pg85). When peters blood sugar levels drop, because he needs more food, glucagon is released from the pancreas alpha cells in response. Glucagon is a hormone that calls on the liver, which has its own glucose store, in the form of glycogen. Glycogen will release from the liver to allow the blood sugar to rise until it returns back to its normal rate. (Bowen, 2002). It is vital that Peter’s blood glucose levels are maintained at a normal rate, in-between his meals as large fluctuations in these levels can cause convulsions and could even induce a coma. Question 3 The body’s internal environment is constantly controlled and balanced by homeostasis. Homeostasis is the condition of equilibrium that is maintained through the body’s response to a change in conditions. There are many regulating systems within the body that work together to constantly control the internal environment. The nervous system and the endocrine system work very closely alongside one another to keep the body normal and in balance. Feedback systems are vital in keeping the body regulated. All feedback systems are made up of a receptor, a control centre and an effector. The receptor is able to detect any changes that may have occurred and send a message to the brain to tell it that it needs to respond. The brain acts as the control centre and is responsible for evaluating the messages it receives from the receptors. Once the messages have been processed the control centre generates a command, if one is needed. The commands are received by the effectors, which produce a response that is then able to change the controlled condition. (Darlington College 2011). A negative feedback system reverses the change in a controlled condition. When the body’s blood glucose levels fall too low, specialised receptors pick up this information and relay it the hypothalamus part of the brain, which forms the control centre. The hypothalamus then activates the response of the effector that allows the body’s blood glucose level to rise. When the levels become within normal range the receptors stop picking up the messages and no longer send them to the hypothalamus. This prevents the blood glucose levels then becoming too high and enables homeostasis of the internal environment to be restored. (Darlington College 2011). Question 4 The body’s endocrine and nervous systems work very closely together to form the body’s major communication system. If a problem arises with one of these systems, homeostasis is upset. For instance: If the islets beta cells do not produce any insulin, such as in diabetes, the blood sugar levels will just continue to rise. This would cause extremely high blood sugar levels which would in turn go on to affect the body’s nervous system and could result in a coma occurring. The nervous system works in conjunction with the endocrine system by using nerve impulses and rapidly responding to stimuli, in order to adjust body processes.

World View free essay sample

Using the concept of a world view, identify some of the beliefs and attitudes, particularly to education and learning that you bring to your learning now. Reflect critically on how your worldview has been shaped by factors such as your gender, age or community. In your answer refer to Hobson (1996) and Samovar and Porter (2004) from the SSK12 Reader, and Chapter 1 in A Guide to Learning Independently (Marshall and Rowland, 2006, 1-18).Through our world view we hold a â€Å"set of beliefs through which we organise our understanding of ourselves and our understanding of others† (Hobson, 1996, 2). In this essay I will identify my concept of world view and how it has been shaped by factors such as my age, gender, community and family. I have adapted the beliefs and attitudes that tertiary education and learning is a personal choice made by each individual which we all have the right to, and that these opportunities should be available to everybody. Hobson defines world view as â€Å"the primary conceptual framework within which our beliefs, values and attitudes about ourselves and others rest† (Hobson, 1996, 2), and Samovar and Porter state that our world views â€Å"influence our perceptions, beliefs and values† (2004, 85). These world views are developed by the culture that we live in. Our beliefs and attitudes towards education and learning are affected by our different life experiences and shape our perception towards education.This is shown to us in A Guide to Learning Independently, where we are presented with the statement that â€Å"your body and emotions, cultural background and beliefs, the people in your life and where you study are what affects your learning (Marshall and Rowland, 2006, 1). World view is basically how each individual sees the world and are personal to each human being, however influenced by external factors. Through these factors, such as the experiences I faced through my earlier life, my age, gender and culture, my world view on education and learning has been shaped.My age has impacted my world view towards education and learning, as being in my late twenties I can still obtain the same training and learning as students who have come straight from high school. Through study I can give myself career opportunities that I otherwise would not have. When I was in high school I wanted to leave after I finished year 10. There was no legal requirements that I had to proceed any further, however being presented the choices that I had if I was to leave school, such as finding an entry level job or doing another form of education, I decided to continue to the end.I did not choose to go on to tertiary study after completing year twelve, and I only decided at this point in my life I was ready to go back to a formal learning environment, and was able to succeed in the choices I made about my study . This choice to study was decided by the belief that I wanted to get involved in my family business and without some qualifications it was not going to be possible. Through my own experience, my opinion is that I believe we all have a choice about when and how we want to study through tertiary education and learning.In the first chapter of A Guide to Learning Independently we are confirmed to the fact that â€Å"your physical state and your emotions influence your ability to learn† (Marshall and Rowland, 2006, 1). I believe that individuals should only begin study when they choose and decide they are ready. Therefore, study should be a choice made for the right reasons, and needs to be done solely for your own purposes. Marshall and Rowland express that â€Å"what you believe and value directly affects your learning† (Marshall and Rowland, 2006, 1), and that students need to be clear about their goals and why they are studying at university.In having said this, my community has influenced my attitude of education, as I have realised how difficult it is to find a secure job due to the current financial situation of the country and the community in which I live, and the roles I have the experience in are becoming increasingly harder to find. The positions which I have previously held in reception and administration roles are being more highly sought after, especially by people who do not have qualifications, and are beginning to require more formal training in regards to climbing the career ladder in companies. I have the view that in order to expand career options, education and learning is vital. In addition to my belief that education and learning should be a choice, I also believe it is a right, available to every individual regardless of age, gender, race, social standing. For many years in Australia most tertiary education communities involved school leavers from affluent families. This has now changed, and universities are now much more varied, attracting students from diverse backgrounds, including mature age students (Marshall and Rowland, 2006, 10).Growing up in an upper middle class family, I had the opportunity and finances to do whatever I chose to, and it is my perception that everybody should have this option. Through my world view, being a female has also influenced my belief of education, within my experience of studying with males in a learning environment. Attending a co-educational high school, there was always gender equality. Living in the multicultural society that is Australia, we are all of different ages, races, genders and come from different backgrounds.This should not prevent anybody from gaining knowledge through education if they choose to do so. This can be shown by the fact that we are now being given the opportunity in Australia to study off-campus, through companies such as Open Universities Australia, and gives us the knowledge that it is acceptable to begin study at any age and in any situation. Programs such as FEE-HELP and Austudy provided by the government give people the chance to study without having the necessary financial standing that others may have.Individuals, who may not have wanted to study straight out of school, or have had other circumstances arise in their lives, are now given another chance to obtain formal education. In summary, I have been given the understanding that my world view is what has formed my beliefs and attitudes. It has shown me how my age, gender, culture and community have all influenced how my perceptions have been shaped towards the beliefs that education and learning is a right and a choice, and the opportunity should be available to everybody who wishes to take advantage of it.